Chopra, opening the batting, struck 115 from 123 balls, while Taylor added 102 from 114 before retiring out.
There was still time for Ben Foakes (53 from 31) and Ben Stokes (41 from 15) to accelerate the tourists to an ominous 335 for four from their 50 overs, with the hosts' only respite coming from two wickets courtesy of ex-England bowler Ryan Sidebottom.
But the Lions could not defend their score, with Ryan Carters' 102-ball innings of 127 setting Victoria on their way to victory with two deliveries to spare.
The Lions meet Victoria again on Wednesday in their final warm-up before five 50-over games against Australia A between February 16 and March 1.
