The left-back, who has made 29 appearances for the Tykes in the Championship this season, joins the Robins as they look to seal the League Two title.
McEveley started his career with Blackburn before spells with Burnley, Gillingham, Ipswich and Derby preceded his move to Oakwell in the summer of 2010.
McEveley will compete with Callum Kennedy and Alessandro Cibocchi for a place on the left of Swindon's defence.
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